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Cornelis or Cornelius Ketel (18 March 1548 – 8 August 1616) was a Dutch Mannerist painter, active in Elizabethan London from 1573 to 1581, and in Amsterdam from 1581 to the early 17th century, now known essentially as a portrait-painter, though he was also a poet and orator, and from 1595 began to sculpt as well.〔Rudolf Ekkart, ''Cornelis Ketel, Grove Art Online, accessed January 31st, 2008〕 According to Ketel's biography, written by his contemporary Karel van Mander,〔(Dutch online text, from the DBNL ), K. van Mander, ''Het Schilder-boeck'', Haarlem, 1604 (reprinted Utrecht 1969, translated as ''The Lives of the Netherlandish and German Painters''H. Miedema, ed. 1994-99).〕 he seems to have wanted to concentrate on the most prestigious of the hierarchy of genres, history painting, which included mythological subjects, but after he left France he is known almost entirely as a portrait-painter. Neither England nor Holland had much demand for large history paintings during his lifetime, and none of Ketel's histories or allegorical paintings are known to have survived intact, although drawings and prints survive.〔Grove Art op cit〕 He did however significantly influence the development of the largest type of painting commonly produced in the United Provinces at this period, the civic group portrait. ==Life== Ketel was born out of wedlock〔Lionel Cust, "Notes on Pictures in the Royal Collections-XXIV. On Some Portraits by Cornelis Ketel" ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 22 No. 116 (November 1912:88-89, 92-940 p. 93.〕 in Gouda in 1548 and apprenticed to his uncle Cornelis Jacobsz. Ketel (died c. 1568) at age 11.〔"Cornelis Ketel." ''The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art''. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com 28 Jan. 2008. ()〕 He is said to have been encouraged to pursue a career in painting by the stained glass painter Dirck Crabeth, whose brother Wouter's wife may have been related to Ketel.〔Dutch Wikipedia〕 He studied under Anthonie Blocklandt in Delft, c. 1565, before travelling to Paris where he lived with Jean de la Hame, glass-painter to King Charles IX.〔James, ''Painters and Their Works'', p. 38〕 From Paris he went to Fontainebleau, where he was working in 1566, in the final years of the First School of Fontainebleau, a sojourn which was no doubt decisive in forming his taste for Mannerist allegory. He was forced to leave France in 1567 when all citizens of the Habsburg Netherlands were expelled.〔Hearn, p. 103〕 He returned to Gouda, but the economy there was severely hit by the occupation of the city in 1572 by the Geuzen or rebels, followed in 1573 by a plague which killed 20% of the population; the Dutch Revolt was entering a new and deeper phase that destabilised daily life throughout the Netherlands. By 1573 Ketel is recorded in England, and was one of several exiled Netherlandish artists active at the Tudor court in the 1570s. His friend Carel van Mander notes his portrait of Sir Christopher Hatton,〔Associated by Cust (1912) with portraits of Sir Christopher formerly with Lord Dillon at Ditchley and with the Earl of Winchilsea.〕 of the Earl of Oxford, and various noblemen, their wives and children. In 1578, permission was granted for a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, when on a visit to the duchess of Somerset at Hamworth House.〔Cust 1912:93, following van Mander.〕 Finding no market in England for his preferred allegorical subjects, Ketel returned to the Low Countries before 1581, where he later introduced the full-length group portrait format to the Dutch burghers with great success,〔Hearn, p. 105〕 and seems still to have been mostly commissioned as a portraitist. The Dutch taste emerging from the revolt was hostile to Mannerist allegory and even to simpler mythological subjects in art, which were widely associated with the hated Habsburgs, the rulers against whom the Dutch were rebelling.〔R.H. Wilenski, ''Dutch Painting'', "Prologue" pp. 27-43, 1945, Faber, London〕 He also painted some religious subjects. Cornelis van der Voort (born ca. 1576) is thought to have been a pupil of Ketel's; he became a successful Amsterdam portraitist. The Danish-born Pieter Isaacsz was certainly a pupil,〔 and van Mander mentions others. The early 18th-century Gouda historian Ignatius Walvis says that the artist Wouter Pietersz. Crabeth (1594–1644), grandson and namesake of the glass-painter, studied under Ketel.〔 Ketel suffered a stroke in 1613 and died in Amsterdam in 1616.〔Hearn, p. 105〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cornelis Ketel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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